forestry

Forest soil is characterized by the content of high organic matter (OM) due to accumulation and decomposition of leaf litter and other plant parts. It contains higher number of microorganisms than the cultivated soil. There is no disturbance in soil profile i.e. well defined soil profile can be seen. Forest soil contains high moisture level due to low evaporation. Acidic soil is found in are where Pinus roxburghii grow. Forest soil is dark black in color.

Effect of vegetation on soil:
Effect of vegetation on soil can be viewed into two groups i.e. advantageous effects and harmful effects.
Advantageous effect
1. Addition of organic matter.
2. Protect soil from erosion.
3. Conserve soil moisture (prevents from evaporation)
4. If there are leguminous plants, it helps to fix nitrogen into the soil.
5. Works as mulching materials which help to control weed.
6. Recycling of nutrients.
7. Make microorganism more efficient.
8. Improves infiltration capacity of the soil.
9. Vegetation helps to reduce soil compaction due to root penetration in the soil and addition of organic matter.
10. Make soil more porous due to the presence of organic matter.

Harmful effects
1. Soils under pine trees have been found acidic.
2. Reduce soil moisture due to increased transpiration.
3. Deficiency in soil nutrient due to regular use by vegetation.
4. Habitats for insects, pests and diseases.
5. Reduction in microbial activity due to the shading effect of vegetation.
6.Vegetation dominated by pine trees increased surface runoff in sloppy site due to the compaction of soil or due to dryness in soil.