Soil Microorganisms:
Microorganisms constitute< 0.5 %( w/w) of the soil mass yet they have a major impact on soil properties and processes.60-80% of the soil metabolism is due to the micro flora. In numbers, soil microorganisms beat out all other organisms. One gram of topsoil my contain
- as many as one billion bacteria
- Up to 100 million actinomycetes
- One million fungi
- 100 nematodes.
- Responsible for cycling of C, N and other nutrients.
- Enhances soil structure.
- Relocate and decompose organic materials.
- Maintain soil quality and health.
- Increase soil aeration and penetrability.
- Involved in disease transmission and control.
Plant Roots: the Rhizosphere:
The narrow region of soil directly around roots, teeming with bacteria that feed on sloughed-off plant cell and proteins and sugars released by roots. Protozoa and Nematodes graze on bacteria; also concentrated near roots.
Soil Fauna (or zoo):
- Macro fauna :Mice, moles, etc, Earthworms and other worms, Ants, beetles Termites , spiders.
- Mesofauna : Nemaodes, arthropods (mites, centipedes, and springtails ), molluscs
- Microfauna: Protozoa
1. Important in mixing and redistributing OM.
2. Enhances soil physical properties.
. Neutralize soil pH.
4. Increase the availability of many nutrients.
5. Stimulate microbial population.
6. May reduce levels of harmful nematodes.
Soil Mesofauna: Nematodes
1. Microscopic non-segmented roundworms.
2. Ecologically diverse.
3. Found in all habitats.
. Overall, 10-20 million/m-sq is found.
5. Major consumer group.
6. Both free-living and parasitic groups exists
Soil Microfauna: Protozoa
1 Important in mineralization and immobilization of N,P, and S
2. Most numerous soil fauna
3. Prey on microbes (especially bacteria)
4. Enhance nitrification rates
5. Suppress bacterial and fungal pathogens
6. Can be agents of plants disease
How can we see the organisms in the soil?
Pitfall tarp to catch large arthropods by sinking a pint-or quart-sized container is made. (Such as a yogurt cup) into the ground so the rim is level with the soil surface. If desired, fashion a roof over the cup to keep the rain out, add 1/2 of an inch of non-hazardous antifreeze to the cup to preserve the creatures and prevent them from eating one another Leave on place for week and wait for soil organisms to fall into the trop. To make a Burlese funnel to catch small arthropods, set a piece of ¼ inch rigid wire screen in the bottom of a funnel to support the soil. Half fill the funnel with soil, and suspend it over a cup with a bit of anti-freeze or ethyl alcohol in the bottom as preservatives.
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